Consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis ‒ Brazilian Society of Dermatology: an update on phototherapy and systemic therapy using e-Delphi technique

Abstract This publication is an update of the "Consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis - Brazilian Society of Dermatology" published in 2019, considering the novel, targeted-oriented systemic therapies for atopic dermatitis. The initial recommendations of the current consensus for systemic treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis were based on a recent review of scientific published data and a consensus was reached after voting. The Brazilian Society of Dermatology invited 31 experts from all regions of Brazil and 2 international experts on atopic dermatitis who fully contributed to the process. The methods included an e-Delphi study to avoid bias, a literature search and a final consensus meeting. The authors added novel approved drugs in Brazil and the indication for phototherapy and systemic therapy for AD. The therapeutical response to systemic treatment is hereby reported in a suitable form for clinical practice and is also part of this updated manuscript.

Unexpected patch test complication: onset of erythema multiforme-like lesions / Complicação inesperada após teste de contato: aparecimento de lesões eritema multiforme-símile

Erythema multiforme is generally associated with infections and drugs. Although less common, there are also reported cases of this disorder after patch testing. We described a 22 year-old female patient who, 24 hours after patch testing, progressed to erythematous iris-shaped plaques and papules with central crust, symmetrically distributed over her hands, arms, and back, with severe itch. The erythema multiforme-like lesions presented in the case were interpreted as a manifestation of systemic allergic contact dermatitis secondary to the exam. Allergic contact dermatitis may be manifested as an erythema multiforme in a hypersensitive person. Few cases of systemic allergic contact dermatitis after patch testing have been reported, for example, due to diethyl thiourea, some textile disperse dyes, and povidoneiodine. The development of erythema multiforme is not noted in most literature references as a complication after patch testing. Although unusual, this disorder needs to be considered as a potential adverse effect of this exam.

O eritema multiforme está associado comumente a infecções e medicamentos. Embora menos comum, também há casos relatados dessa doença após aplicação do teste de contato. Descrevemos uma paciente de 22 anos que evoluiu, em 24 horas após o teste, com placas e pápulas eritematosas, em formato de íris e crosta central, distribuídas simetricamente nas mãos, braços e costas, além de prurido intenso. As lesões eritema multiformesímile presentes no caso foram interpretadas como uma manifestação alérgica secundária ao exame. Dermatite de contato alérgica pode se manifestar como um eritema multiforme em pessoas hipersensíveis. Poucos casos de dermatite alérgica de contato sistêmica foram relatados após este exame, por exemplo, devido às seguintes substâncias: dietil tioureia, corantes dispersos têxteis e iodopovidona. O desenvolvimento do eritema multiforme não é usualmente apontado como uma complicação do teste de contato alérgico, na maioria das referências literárias. Embora incomum, o surgimento dessa desordem após este exame necessita ser considerado como um efeito adverso.

Consensus on the diagnostic and therapeutic management of chronic spontaneous urticaria in adults - Brazilian Society of Dermatology

Abstract: Background: Urticarias are frequent diseases, with 15% to 20% of the population presenting at least one acute episode in their lifetime. Urticaria are classified in acute ( ≤ 6 weeks) or chronic (> 6 weeks). They may be induced or spontaneous. Objectives: To verify the diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), according to the experience of Brazilian experts, regarding the available guidelines (international and US). Methods: A questionnaire was sent to Brazilian experts, with questions concerning diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations for CSU in adults. Results: Sixteen Brazilian experts answered the questionnaire related to diagnosis and therapy of CSU in adults and data were analyzed. Final text was written, considering the available guidelines (International and US), adapted to the medical practices in Brazil. Diagnostic work up in CSU is rarely necessary. Biopsy of skin lesion and histopathology may be indicated to rule out other diseases, such as, urticarial vasculitis. Other laboratory tests, such as complete blood count, CRP, ESR and thyroid screening. Treatment of CSU includes second-generation anti-histamines (sgAH) at licensed doses, sgAH two, three to fourfold doses (non-licensed) and omalizumab. Other drugs, such as, cyclosporine, immunomodulatory drugs and immunosuppressants may be indicated (non-licensed and with limited scientific evidence). Conclusions: Most of the Brazilian experts in this study partially agreed with the diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations of the International and US guidelines. They agreed with the use of sgAH at licensed doses. Increase in the dose to fourfold of sgAH may be suggested with restrictions, due to its non-licensed dose. Sedating anti-histamines, as suggested by the US guideline, are indicated by some of the Brazilian experts, due to its availability. Adaptations are mandatory in the treatment of CSU, due to scarce or lack of other therapeutic resources in the public health system in Brazil, such as omalizumab or cyclosporine.

Consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis - Brazilian Society of Dermatology

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis is a highly prevalent inflammatory and pruritic dermatosis with a multifactorial etiology, which includes skin barrier defects, immune dysfunction, and microbiome alterations. Atopic dermatitis is mediated by genetic, environmental, and psychological factors and requires therapeutic management that covers all the aspects of its complex pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to present the experience, opinions, and recommendations of Brazilian dermatology experts regarding the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis. METHODS: Eighteen experts from 10 university hospitals with experience in atopic dermatitis were appointed by the Brazilian Society of Dermatology to organize a consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis. The 18 experts answered an online questionnaire with 14 questions related to the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Afterwards, they analyzed the recent international guidelines on atopic dermatitis of the American Academy of Dermatology, published in 2014, and of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, published in 2018. Consensus was defined as approval by at least 70% of the panel. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: The experts stated that the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis is based on skin hydration, topical anti-inflammatory agents, avoidance of triggering factors, and educational programs. Systemic therapy, based on immunosuppressive agents, is only indicated for severe refractory disease and after failure of topical therapy. Early detection and treatment of secondary bacterial and viral infections is mandatory, and hospitalization may be needed to control atopic dermatitis flares. Novel target-oriented drugs such as immunobiologicals are invaluable therapeutic agents for atopic dermatitis.

Case for diagnosis. Ulcerated intradermal nevus simulating Sister Mary Joseph's nodule

Abstract: We report a case of a 76-year-old patient with a history of recent weight loss and ulcerated umbilical nodular lesion. Initially, we considered the diagnostic hypothesis of Sister Mary Joseph's nodule. However, histopathological evaluation revealed that it was an ulcerated intradermal nevus. We perform a brief review of umbilical nodules.

Ferramentas para avaliação e acompanhamento da urticária crônica / Patient-reported outcomes for the evaluation and follow-up of chronic urticaria

Urticária é uma doença pruriginosa da pele na qual ocorrem urticas e/ou angioedema. A urticária é definida como crônica quando persiste por 6 semanas ou mais. A urticária crônica tem um grande impacto na vida diária do paciente. Atualmente, não há biomarcadores confiáveis para identificar e medir a atividade da doença na urticária crônica espontânea. Consequentemente, o uso de ferramentas conhecidas por patient-reported outcomes (PROs) é crucial ao avaliar e monitorar diferentes aspectos da urticária crônica, como atividade/gravidade da doença, controle da doença e qualidade de vida. Apresentamos uma visão geral de cinco PROs usados na avaliação da urticária crônica, e destacamos suas vantagens, limitações e uso na prática clínica e pesquisa.

Urticaria is an itching skin disease characterized by the presence of wheals and/or angioedema. Urticaria is defined as chronic when it persists for 6 weeks or more. Chronic urticaria has great impact on the daily lives of patients. Currently, there are no reliable biomarkers to identify and measure disease activity in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Consequently, the use of tools known as patient-reported outcomes (PROs) is crucial when evaluating and monitoring different aspects of chronic urticaria such as disease activity/severity, disease control, and quality of life. We present an overview of the five PROs used in the evaluation of chronic urticaria, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and use in clinical practice and research.

Estudo clínico para avaliar a eficácia e segurança de um hidratante ativo reparador de barreira como auxiliar no tratamento de dermatite atópica em crianças / Clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of an active moisturizer-barrier repairer as an adjuvant treatment in atopic dermatitis in children

Introdução: O uso de hidratantes melhora a função de barreira cutânea e pode ser útil na dermatite atópica. Objetivos: Avaliar eficácia e segurança de hidratante ativo reparador de barreira à base de glicerina, erythritol, Imperata cilindrica e homarine como tratamento auxiliar da dermatite atópica. Métodos: Aplicação de hidratante em crianças com dermatite atópica de leve a moderada durante um mês, com avaliações subjetivas e objetivas após 15 e 30 dias. Resultados: Foram analisados os dados de 35 crianças, de um a dez anos, quanto a: alterações do sono, ressecamento, descamação, prurido e maciez da pele, que tiveram redução significativa da visita inicial em relação à final. A avaliação objetiva do índice de gravidade Scorad (score on atopic dermatitis) revelou redução de 25.27 para 9.30 (p < 0.0001). Houve redução no uso de dexclorfeniramina de 25.71% no 15o dia para 5.72% no 30o dia (p = 0.0233) e de 34.29% no 15o dia para 5.72% no 30o dia com hidrocortisona (p = 0.0075). Conclusões: O uso do hidratante durante 30 dias melhorou os sintomas analisados, com significativa diminuição do índice de gravidade e menor necessidade de anti-histamínicos e corticosteroides tópicos. A utilização de hidratante adequado foi eficaz e segura como auxiliar para crianças com dermatite atópica.

Introduction: The use of moisturizers improves the skin barrier's function and might be useful in atopic dermatitis. Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of an active moisturizer-barrier repairer based on glycerin, erythritol, Imperata cylindrica and homarine as an adjuvant treatment in atopic dermatitis. Methods: Application of the moisturizer in children with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis for 1 month, with subjective and objective evaluations after 15 and 30 days. Results: Data from 35 children ­ 20 girls (57.15%), 15 boys (42.86%) / 26 Caucasians (74.29%), 6 mulattos (17.14%), 3 dark skinned (8.57%) ­ aged 1 to 10 years (mean age = 5.6) were analyzed. The values of the variables sleeping disorders, dryness, desquamation, pruritus and softness of the skin had significantly decreased on the 30th day of treatment as compared to the baseline. The objective evaluation of the severity using the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis severity index revealed a decrease to 9.30 from 25.27 (p <0.0001). There was a reduction in the use of dexchlorpheniramine and hydrocortisone to 5.72% each on the 30th day, from 25.71% (p = 0.0233) and 34.29% (p = 0.0075) on the 15th day, respectively. Conclusions: The use of the moisturizer for 30 days improved the analyzed symptoms with a significant reduction in the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis severity index with decreased need for antihistamines and topical corticosteroids. The use of a suitable moisturizer was effective and safe as an adjuvant treatment for children with atopic dermatitis.

Perfil epidemiológico de mulheres com papilomavírus humano que utilizam o serviço público de saúde / Perfil epidemiológico de mujeres con papiloma virus humano que utilizan el servicio público de salud / Epidemiological profile of women with human papillomavirus who use the public health service

Objetivo conhecer o perfil de mulheres com papilomavírus humano genital e investigar o conhecimento sobre a infecção e sua prevenção. Método estudo descritivo através da aplicação de formulário estruturado para uma amostra de 49 mulheres. Todas apresentaram resultado de papanicolaou com lesão intraepitelial de baixo grau. Os dados foram tratados por meio de análise estatística descritiva utilizando o programa EPI-INFO® 7.1.4. Resultados as mulheres estudadas, em sua maioria, eram adultas jovens, solteiras e com ensino médio. A incidência da infecção ocorreu em participantes com renda familiar inferior a cinco salários mínimos por mês. A realização do exame de papanicolaou e sua periodicidade foi referida por mais de 70% delas. Conclusão os dados apontaram ocorrência do papilomavírus humano em mulheres entre 20 e 40 anos de idade, com maior frequência naquelas que iniciaram a atividade sexual após os 15 anos de idade.

Objetivo conocer el perfil de mujeres con papiloma virus humano genital e investigar el conocimiento sobre la infección y su prevención. Método estudio descriptivo a través de la aplicación de formulario estructurado para una muestra de 49 mujeres. Todas presentaron resultado de Papanicolaou con lesión intraepitelial de bajo grado. Los datos fueron tratados mediante análisis estadístico descriptivo utilizando el programa EPI-INFO® 7.1.4. Resultados las mujeres estudiadas, en su mayoría, eran adultas jóvenes, solteras y con enseñanza media. La incidencia de la infección ocurrió en participantes con ingreso familiar inferior a cinco salarios mínimos por mes. La realización del examen de Papanicolaou y su periodicidad fue referida por más del 70% de ellas. Conclusión los datos apuntaron la ocurrencia del papiloma virus humano en mujeres entre 20 y 40 años de edad, con mayor frecuencia en aquellas que iniciaron la actividad sexual después de los 15 años de edad.

Objective To get to know the profile of women with genital human papillomavirus and to investigate the knowledge about the infection and its prevention. Method Descriptive study based on the application of a structured form to a sample of 49 women. All patients had pap smear results showing low-grade intraepithelial lesions. The data were treated by means of a descriptive statistical analysis using the EPI-INFO® 7.1.4 software. Results Most of the women studied were young, single adults with a high school education. The infection occurred in participants with family incomes of less than five minimum wages per month. More than 70 percent of them reported taking pap smear tests and test periodicity. Conclusion The data showed the occurrence of human papillomavirus in women aged 20 and 40 years, and the infection was more frequent among those who became sexually active after 15 years of age.

Lichen planopilaris-like eruption during treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib

Abstract Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are effective as a target therapy for malignant neoplasms. Imatinib was the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor used. After its introduction, several other drugs have appeared with a similar mechanism of action, but less prone to causing resistance. Even though these drugs are selective, their toxicity does not exclusively target cancer cells, and skin toxicity is the most common non-hematologic adverse effect. We report an eruption similar to lichen planopilaris that developed during therapy with nilotinib, a second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia resistant to imatinib. In a literature review, we found only one report of non-scarring alopecia due to the use of nilotinib.

Primary cutaneous aspergillosis and idiopathic bone marrow aplasia

Abstract: We describe the case of a 9-year-old boy with idiopathic bone marrow aplasia and severe neutropenia, who developed skin ulcers under cardiac monitoring electrodes. The diagnosis of primary cutaneous aspergillosis was made after the second biopsy and culture. Imaging investigation did not reveal internal fungal infection. The child was treated, but did not improve and died 3 months after admission. The report highlights and discusses the preventable risk of aspergillus skin infection in immunocompromised patients.

Evaluation of dental material series from patients with dental prostheses and suspicion of delayed hypersensitivity

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Patients with oral sensitivity are common in our practice. Allergic contact dermatitis is one of the most frequent etiologies. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate oral contact dermatitis using the Brazilian standard series and complementary dental series in patients using dental prostheses, with or without oral complaints. Determine specific dental Brazilian series. METHODS: Patients using dental prostheses with or without oral complaints realized patch tests. Brazilian standard series and complementary dental series were used according to ICDRG recommendations. The results were analysed according to age, sex, race, atopic conditions and symptoms associated. RESULTS: From 54 patients tested, 34 (63%) were positive at least to one substance. Nineteen had oral complaints, such as burning mouth, itch or oral erythema. There was no association between atopic condition and tests results. Without the oral series, just 23(42,6%) patients had a positive result. Using the Brazilian standard series with the complementary dental series we improved the positivity of the patch test to 47%. CONCLUSION: In patients using prostheses and with oral complaints, patch tests with Brazilian standard series with complementary dental series improve the tests positivity.

Severe Darier's disease in a psychiatric patient

Darier’s disease is characterized by dense keratotic lesions in the seborrheic areas of the body such as scalp, forehead, nasolabial folds, trunk and inguinal region. It is a rare genodermatosis, an autosomal dominant inherited disease that may be associated with neuropsichiatric disorders. It is caused by ATPA2 gene mutation, presenting cutaneous and dermatologic expressions. Psychiatric symptoms are depression, suicidal attempts, and bipolar affective disorder. We report a case of Darier’s disease in a 48-year-old female patient presenting severe cutaneous and psychiatric manifestations.

Unusual manifestation of the yellow nail syndrome - Case report

The yellow nail syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the classic triad of yellow and dystrophic nails, lymphedema and pleural effusion. We report in this paper a case of yellow nail syndrome, presenting the classic triad of the disease, associated with an unusual lymph accumulation in the abdomen region.

Vulvovaginites na infância: visão do dermatologista / Vulvovaginites in children: a dermatologic approach

Vulvovaginites, adesões labiais e outros distúrbios vulvares ocorrem comumente em crianças e levam à ansiedade, tanto em pais como nas pacientes. As condições vistas mais frequentemente incluem vulvovaginite bacteriana recorrente, irritação vulvar, dermatite alérgica de contato, líquen escleroso e outras doenças dermatológicas. Neste artigo apresentamos uma revisão sobre as doenças vulvares comuns na infância, do ponto de vista dermatológico.

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis in a young man with HIV since birth - case report / Epidermodisplasia verruciforme em um jovem com HIV desde o nascimento - relato de caso

Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis is a genodermatosis characterized by susceptibility to infection by specific HPV types (HPV 3/10 and beta-HPVs). It is considered to be the first model in human carcinogenesis induced by HPV. In this report we present a rare case of Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis associated with vertical transmission of HIV. Although most patients with HIV present infections by HPV virus, the frequency of Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis is no greater in patients with HIV because in EV there is a deficiency of specific cellular immunity to infection by some types of HPV, called HPV-related Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis.

A Epidermodisplasia Verruciforme é uma genodermatose que se caracteriza pela susceptibilidade à infecção por tipos específicos de HPV (HPVs 3 e 10 e os beta-HPVs) e é considerada o primeiro modelo no homem de carcinogênese induzida pelo HPV. Neste artigo apresenta-se um caso raro de Epidermodisplasia Verruciforme em um paciente com HIV desde o nascimento. Apesar dos doentes com HIV apresentarem mais infecções pelos vírus HPVs, existem poucos relatos na literatura de Epidermodisplasia Verruciforme no doente com HIV. Isso se explica, pois a Epidermodisplasia Verruciforme é consequência de uma deficiência celular específica à infecção por alguns tipos distintos de HPVs, ditos HPVs relacionados a Epidermodisplasia Verruciforme.

Avaliação do teste de contato com aeroalérgenos em pacientes com dermatite atópica / Evaluation of patch test with airbone allergic agents in patients with atopic dermatitis

FUNDAMENTOS: a dermatite atópica é uma doença inflamatória cutânea que apresenta múltiplos fatores desencadeantes. Há vários relatos de autores que confirmaram os aeroalérgenos como fatores agravantes ou desencadeantes. O teste de contato com aeroalérgenos ou teste de contato atópico foi proposto para avaliar a participação destes alérgenos na dermatite atópica. OBJETIVO: objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a positividade do teste de contato atópico em pacientes com dermatite atópica. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 50 pacientes com dermatite atópica e 45 do grupo com rinite alérgica, nos quais realizamos teste de contato atópico com extratos de Dermatophagoides pteronissynus, Dermatophagoides farinae e Blomia tropicalis, além de testes cutâneos de leitura imediata para os mesmos alérgenos, acrescidos de epitélio de cão e gato e fungos. RESULTADOS: verificamos que o teste de contato atópico com ácaros apresentou maior positividade nos indivíduos do grupo de dermatite atópica quando comparado ao grupo de rinite alérgica. CONCLUSÕES: o teste de contato atópico apresenta resultados estatisticamente significativos quando realizado com ácaros, em pacientes com dermatite atópica, com p=0,035, OR (odds ratio) = 3,35 e IC(95 por cento) = [ 1,18; 9,47].

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease that can be triggered by many factors. Several reports confirm the role of airborne allergic agents as aggravating or triggering factors. The patch test with airborne allergic agents or the atopy patch test was suggested to evaluate the role of these allergens in atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at evaluating the positivity of the atopy patch test in patients with atopic dermatitis. METHODS: We evaluated 50 patients with atopic dermatitis and 45 with allergic rhinitis, the atopy patch test was performed in these patiennts with extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronissynus, Dermatophagoides farinae and Blomia tropicalis, as well as immediate skin prick tests for the same allergens with cat and dog epithelia and fungi. RESULTS: It was found that the atopy patch test with dust mites showed higher positivity in individuals with atopic dermatitis when compared to those with allergic rhinitis. CONCLUSIONS: The atopy patch test shows statistically significant results when performed with dust mites in patients with atopic dermatitis, p = 0.035, odds ratio (OR) = 3.35 and CI (95 percent) = [1.18, 9, 47].